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Biology 337: Divisions ( Glossary \| Divisions )
Taken Spring 2005, with Dr. Plant. Information here is based primarily upon notes from class but some from external sources like the web.

Hepatophyta	Anthocerophyta	Bryophyta	Psilotophyta	Lycophyta
Sphenophyta	Pterophyta	Rhyniophyta	Zosterophyllophyta	Trimerophytophyta
Cycadophyta	Gingkophyta	Coniferophyta

age	carboniferous
division-name	Coniferophyta
evolution	diversified during the Permian.
gametophyte	.
habit	tree-like. Excurrant. Generally evergreen (but not all: larches, bald-cypress, metasequoia)
leaves	megaphyll Generally simple. Can be long and needle-like, or short and scale-like or broad. The leaves look a lot like microphylls but are megaphylls that evolved via reduction. The leaves remain on the tree for 2-4 years. Generally arise on long shoots or spur shoots. Pines produce leaves in a bundle known as a fascicle. The Leaves are surpremely adapted to harsh environments. Epidermis is thick-walled and has a thick cuticles. Stomata are sunken Hypodermis is thick-walled again and fibrous tissues reinforce. This layer prevents water loss Ground tissue contains mesophyll cells, resin ducts (that have turpenoids) and endodermis Vascular tissue is located in a centeral location. Is surrounded by transfusion tissue which controls transfer between the vascular and mesophyll tissues.
life-cycle	Homosporous and Heterosporous
links	Handy quick reference
members	an often domininant group of plants: form the climax vegetation at high altitudes and temperate regions.
rhizome	.
roots	.
sporangia	.
stems	eustele 2ndary growth starts early and is vigrous Dominated by the secondary xylem tissue. From inside to outside: central pith, 1. and 2. xylem (Trachids aligned in regular rows), resin ducts sometimes prsent, parenchymal rays (for lateral transport), vascular cambium, 2ndary phloem (rays extend into 2ndary phloem) and as the 1mary phloem is crushed, it is not visible, the cortex (composed of parenchymal cells and resin ducts) and finally the epidermis (present in only young stems... later on replaced by a periderm) Periderm arises from action of bifacial cambium. Cork cambium develops from outer parenchymal cells of the cortex. Produces cork on the outside of the ring, and parencyma on the inside of the ring. The Bark is all tissues that lie outside the vascular cambium. Consists of: primary and secondary phloem, cortex parenchyma + resin canals and the periderm(s) Continued seasonal activity of vascular cambium allows stems of conifers to become immense. The lignified walls of the secondary xylem provide incredible strength
stomata	.
traits	extremely resistant to environment extremes. largest trees and oldest trees are from among this group.
vascular-system	eustele

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